A Systematic Review on the Comparison of Avandia and Actos in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a condition that is described by an interminable ascent in the glucose levels of the blood.â It can prompt changes of the veins of the retina, nephron, heart, nerves, and so forth, causing a ton of complications.Individuals, who experience the ill effects of type 2 diabetes, could possibly require insulin (as the condition fundamentally happens because of insulin opposition or inappropriate usage of insulin by the blood cells).â In numerous cases, individuals who experience the ill effects of type 2 diabetes, are eventually given insulin, despite the fact that the medication isn't successful in control the high glucose levels (Ligaray, 2008).Studies directed in the UK viably exhibit that 25 % of the patients who experience the ill effects of type II diabetes require insulin inside 6 years of starting treatment with oral hypoglycaemic operators (Edelman, 2005).In clinical practice, type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest sicknesses that are see n.â The insulin levels might be low, inadequate in nature or the very use of insulin by the fat, liver and the muscle cells might be hampered.â The individual may not rely upon insulin for taking back the blood glucose levels back to normal.â Ketosis only sometimes grows, yet is regular under upsetting conditions (Inzucchi, 2007).Today, in the US, the screening for diabetes is generally acted in older folks or high-chance people, and as such there might be a few individuals from everyone who might be quietly experiencing the disorder.The predominance of diabetes mellitus in the US is around 7 %, yet in people over the age of 50 years, the rate might be around 15 %.â Certain minority bunches including the Hispanics, African-Americans, Native Americans, and so forth, are at a higher danger of building up the disorder.â The mean period of rate of the turmoil in high-chance populaces as a rule happen at a more youthful age contrasted with the White American populations.â If we take a gander at the commonness of diabetes mellitus type 2 all through the world, the rate is high in Indians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Latin Americans, etc.In Australians, Africans, Aborigines, Asians, and so on, the occurrence is relative lower when they live in the local countries.â However, when they relocate to the US, the pervasiveness of the confusion is moderately higher, attributable to the adjustment in way of life, poor power over hazard factors, etc.A incredible extent of diabetic patients pass on from cardiovascular ailments, for example, respiratory failures, stroke, etc.â Studies have adequately exhibited that the hazard for cardiovascular malady brings two-overlap up in men, and up to four creases in ladies (Ligaray, 2008).The principle pathophysiology of diabetes is the ascent in the blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) because of the low insulin levels in the blood, ill-advised use of insulin by the phones, deficient working of the insulin or protection from insulin.â The pancreatic beta islet cells may not deliver adequate measures of insulin required by the body or a few gatherings of cells present in the body, for example, the fat, muscle, liver, and so on, might be impervious to the activity of insulin.Studies led during post-mortem have adequately exhibited that the beta cell mass in type 2 diabetics are diminished to about a large portion of the ordinary size.â The body cells think that its apparently hard to use glucose bringing about lower measure of glucose transportation to the muscles, more noteworthy creation of glucose by the liver and more prominent breakdown of fat (Ligaray, 2008).Other reasons for diabetes type 2 incorporate creation of substance by the body that hamper the activity of insulin, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity.â When the individual devours starches, there are chances that the blood glucose level would raise further, as insulin isn't accessible to control (Inzucchi, 2007).The capacity of the body to utilize insulin quickly to control starch and sugar level after ingestion is troublesome (Ligaray, 2008).â Studies may have indicated that in spite of the fact that the insulin lack might be gentle, the capacity of the insulin to stop a prompt ascent in the blood glucose level would be absent.â When the individual experiences mellow sort 2 diabetes during the underlying stages, there are chances that the insulin discharge would react to different secretogogues, for example, amino acids.However, in extreme kind 2 diabetes, the condition doesn't react to different secretogogues bringing about a serious inadequacy of insulin.â In people experiencing type 2 diabetes, there might be affidavit of an amyeloid-like substance in the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets.â The beta-cells start to glitch following the statement of amyloid (Inzucchi, 2007).In a portion of the sort 2 diabetics the insulin emission might be faulty in nature.â The capacity of the phones to react to ins ulin is diminished and the ordinary reaction is less.The cells will be unable to utilize the insulin successfully to guarantee use of glucose by the cells.â In a domain of hyperglycaemia, the phones think that its hard to use the insulin and the glucose.â The body thinks that its hard to deliver glycogen from glucose in the liver and breakdown of fats, because of the diminished affectability of the insulin.The definite purpose behind the poor reaction of the phones to insulin isn't seen obviously, yet researchers propose that it has to do with the flawed mitochondrial working and the collection of free unsaturated fats in the phones that are normally expected to react to insulin.â The insulin receptors in such cells might be typical, yet the insulin pathways that are identified with the insulin receptors may go haywire.The working of the glucose moving specialist GLUT may become abnormal.â Scientists likewise feel that the imperfections in insulin use and glucose transportat ion might be because of a hereditary defect.â Obesity additionally expands the danger of the individual creating protection from insulin.â The nearness of free unsaturated fats in the body would recommend more noteworthy measure of lipid testimony in the liver and the muscles consequently assuming a significant job in creating insulin obstruction (Inzucchi, 2007).When the blood glucose levels are high, the affectability of the phone to insulin and the capacity of the phone to use glucose are truly affected.â Besides, an ascent in the lipids in the blood can influence glucose digestion, causing a raise in hepatic gluconeogenesis, and raising the free unsaturated fat levels.â The pancreas capacities unusually and the muscles can't use glucose viably (Inzucchi, 2007).It might be hard to attest whether the essential deformity in type 2 diabetics is because of insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.â Studies have shown that in high-chance populaces, the underlying imperfectio n is principally because of insulin opposition and a decline in the insulin sensitivity.However, diabetes would not happen just with insulin obstruction alone.â Studies have indicated that as often as possible because of the secretory imperfections, the beta cells appear to get exhausted.â It might likewise be that incessant incitement of the beta-cells alongside the hereditary deformities would bring about insulin deficiency (Inzucchi, 2007).Evidence emphatically underpins that hereditary qualities and ecological elements both assume a significant job in the advancement of diabetes mellitus type 2 (some even propose complex hereditary factors).â Most of the types of type 2 diabetes mellitus have been polygenic in nature, while development beginning diabetes of the youthful (MODY) has been monogenic in nature.â There is an unmistakable familial linkage found in diabetes mellitus type 2, yet there is by all accounts no old style Mendelian legacy (Inzucchi, 2007).Diabetes mell itus patients are at the danger of high mortality on the off chance that their condition intensifies and intricacies develop.â Hence, one the keys to guarantee a more drawn out life expectancy in diabetes patients is compelling administration utilizing medications and medications.Studies have plainly shown that diabetes patients require a forceful, escalated and early mediation that would have the option to distinguish an ascent in the glucose level and guarantee that it is brought inside typical range.â One of the most troublesome entanglements of diabetes patients would be creating is heart disease.The mortality from coronary illness is very high (70 %) in diabetics.â Besides, the expenses of dealing with a patient experiencing diabetes and coronary illness are around multiple times higher (Unger, 2008).Diabetes mellitus is for the most part analyzed based on the plasma glucose levels.â The fasting blood glucose level ought to be in excess of 126 mg for each dl of blood.â The post prandial blood glucose level ought to be more prominent than 200 mg for every dl of blood (ordinarily taken 2 hours after a meal).â The disabled glucose resilience levels incorporate 140 to 199 post-prandially.In diabetes, an arbitrary blood glucose test ought to exhibit perusing over 200 mg for every dl alongside the nearness of manifestations of diabetes.â For the person to be named diabetic, the blood glucose tests ought to exhibit predictable results.â Hemoglobin A-1c is likewise valuable in showing the review glucose levels, yet can't be taken as standard as there are a few potential mistakes that might be related with this test (Buse, 2008).

Quality Maintenance in Healthcare

Question: Talk about the Quality Maintenance in Healthcare. Answer: Presentation The service of Health Department in New Zealand has centered their anxiety in the advancement of the nature of social insurance benefits that are given to the various residents of the country. This activity had been proposed after the wellbeing division had completely examined the necessities of different patients who come to look for administration at the social insurance areas. The concerned service have set significance on every single partner in the human services segments incorporating who works in the social insurance framework, the people who come to look for administration structure them and the framework itself to submit their devotion to the turn of events and improvement of value in the administrations gave and got in the segments (Gilmour et al., 2016). The Ministry of social insurance subordinate had set up a dream for the government assistance of the residents that incorporate upgrade of the nature of the New Zealand medicinal services divisions and the handicap areas. The service accepts that it very well may be accomplished by individuals trotted care and high caliber and safe practices which ought improve at a persistent rate as well as socially equipped. They inform each partner with respect to the medicinal services segments to include patients in the administrations they give and simultaneously be open and receptive to the requests of the patients needs and qualities (Healy, 2016). This will take into incorporation the two people and gatherings of populace in general. They have predominantly embraced a framework approach since arrangement of medicinal services administration is intricate and includes dynamic aptitudes and activity happening properties inside people groups, people, groups, associations and furthermore subsystems. This methodology was seen as accommodating in profiting the patients which included individual patients and their families as entire (Clifford et al., 2015). It turns out to be critical to comprehend the correct importance of the term quality before guaranteeing it in the human services administrations. Quality in this angle can be characterized as the degree which when effectively accomplished in the administration can guarantee better survivability pace of patients, improving probability of having better existences, achieving wanted wellbeing results, urging patients with handicap to get free and partake in their medications and feel themselves remembered for the treatment with appropriate training and current expert information. This quality can be accomplished just when legitimate cooperations with productive outcomes are conceivable inside individuals, people, associations, groups and frameworks (Gorman et al., 2015). The primary viewpoints on which the Ministry had paid significance in these settings are support of individuals focused methodology that guarantees upkeep of respect and ethics of the partners in question. It likewise pays centrality to the way that everything about people ought to have equivalent access to social insurance benefits independent of their station, statement of faith, religion and ethnicity. Advancements ought to likewise be taken so value can be kept up in medicinal services benefits independent of their financial foundations to which the people or the gatherings have a place with. Support of wellbeing in everything about practices alongside paying significance to the assessment of the viability of the administrations ought to be guaranteed for quality turn of events. These would at last assistance in the accomplishment of productivity in the various aptitudes and information on the concerned staffs so the best quality help can be given. All the significant angles were proposed by the Ministry to be reliant on the most important establishments of three significant standards overseeing organization, investment and insurance kept up as the Treaty of Waitangi (Gauld Horsburg, 2014). Quality confirmation exercises for the most part centered around upkeep of value as well as on quality enhancements. This exercises followed approaches which incorporated the away from of worry of value which ought to be vested in groups. It likewise included legitimate checking and assessment of the quality that is being shown through administrations. This would thus help in further changes if necessary. Paying centrality to the improvement of administrations to accomplish wanted results ought to be the proverb of every person and furthermore as a group (Dyall et al., 2014). Besides they ought to likewise take activities which would assist them with developing frameworks and put resources into individuals with a point of accomplishing results in wellbeing which are of high caliber. The objectives of the framework approach included upkeep of extraordinary relationship with the Maori giving qualities to the guideline of the arrangement of Waitangi and showing top notch administration characteristics for keeping up administration quality enhancements taking Maori goals and needs at the top of the priority list. Individuals were required to partake in arranging, conveyance and evaluation in social insurance administrations including cooperation of Maori, spreading mindfulness, developmental overhauling of frameworks, building reliable associations with all members and numerous others. Persuasive condition ought to be empowered containing social competency instruments; utilizing information including Maori fulfillment was proposed to help quality cognizant culture (Improvement Quality System Approach, 2017). Various principles were additionally started across the nation for quality confirmation programs like the Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of the Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights) Regulations 1996, National Screening Standards and the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Bill and others. Financing originated from the DHBs which are liable for administrations with warning board of trustees including the Mortality Review Committees and National Health Epidemiology and Quality Assurance Advisory Committee. Since the hour of 1983, the New Zealand wellbeing parts have experienced various four basic changes. In course of time, with each change, new associations have approached to help in financing. The first was the 1983-1993 Area Health Boards (AHBs) which was trailed by 1993-1997 Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) just as Crown Health Enterprises (CHEs). In addition there were occurrences when 1998-2001 Health Funding Authority (HFA)was additionally saw. Medical clinic and Health Services (HHSs) likewise made a difference. 2001 District Health Boards (DHBs) had been viewed too (New Zealand Health System Reforms, 2017). Every one of them have helped in accomplishing wellbeing results and furthermore helped in increment of effectiveness and responsibility. They additionally helped in decrease of wellbeing use. In the event that one investigates the exercises of 200, the fundamental group of work was the District Health Boards called the DHB. This age essentially observed the 21 DHBS that was set up alongside the centralisation of wellbeing subsidizing with MOH. Accentuation depended on preventive wellbeing administrations. PHOs were built up in 2002 and were financed by DHBs. In October 2007, low consideration rehearses were presented that were sponsored up with legislative appropriations with free assistance for kids under six. By and by there are 82 PHOs having 4 million enrolees. The practices done by GP differ among PHOs and their own practices and are checked by DHBs and just as autonomous Fee Review Committee (New Zealand Health System Reforms, 2017). Charges of GPs are distributed under the direction of DHBs and furthermore on PHO sites. As of late not revenue driven associations have additionally come to situations alongside network associations, outsider associations taking care of the Maoris. Fig: Different significant bodies associated with legitimate checking and assessment of social insurance benefits in New Zealand. Source: (New Zealand Health System Reforms, 2017) From the whole paper, it can without much of a stretch be reasoned that the framework approach embraced by the Ministry of Health in New Zealand in building up the nature of administration in human services is altogether inquired about. It contains of numerous characteristics which are proof based as well as guarantees that they spread each prospect of human services frameworks required to guarantee safe practice. They have incorporated the standards of the arrangement of Waitangi in every one of the objectives that they have set with the goal that the whole country can get the advantage and nobody understands left. They have joined significant bodies into the plans which helped in financing as well as aided in assessments and observing instruments. Thus this activity by the legislature is laudable and whenever followed entire heartedly by each partner, it can guarantee better future for New Zealand human services frameworks. References: Clifford, A., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K. (2015). Mediations to improve social competency in human services for Indigenous people groups of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: an orderly review.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(2), 89-98. Dyall, L., Kepa, M., Teh, R., Mules, R., Moyes, S., Wham, C., ... Loughlin, H. (2014). Social and social variables and personal satisfaction of Maori in cutting edge age. Te puawaitanga o nga tapuwae kia ora tonu-Life and living in cutting edge age: a partner concentrate in New Zealand (LiLACS NZ). Gauld, R., Horsburgh, S. (2014). Estimating progress with clinical administration improvement in New Zealand: view of senior specialists in 2010 and 2012.BMC wellbeing administrations research,14(1), 547. Gilmour, J., Strong, A., Chan, H., Hanna, S., Huntington, A. (2016). Essential health?care medical caretakers and Internet wellbeing information?seeking: Access, boundaries and quality checks.International diary of nursing practice,22(1), 53-60. Gorman, D. (2015). Creating human services workforces for unsure futures.Academic Medicine,90(4), 400-403. Healy, J. (2016).Improving human services security and quality: hesitant controllers. Routledge. Improvement Quality System Approach. (2017).www.health.govt.nz. Recovered 6 April 2017, from https://www.health.govt.nz/framework/records/reports/distributions/improvingqualitysystemsappro

How to Use Aromatherapy for Stress Relief

How to Use Aromatherapy for Stress Relief Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print Using Aromatherapy for Relieving Your Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 13, 2020 Eastphoto/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Physical Techniques Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Aromatherapy has gained quite a bit of attention in recent years. Aromatherapy products, once somewhat exotic, have now sprung up on the shelves of even grocery store aisles. Aromatherapy candles, bath products, essential oils, and other products are now widely available and have been touted as effective in soothing babies, relieving stress and promoting healthy living. But does aromatherapy live up to the claims? Research Relatively little research is available on aromatherapy. While more studies are being done, its not as ‘proven’ as some other stress relievers. However, while further studies are needed, many studies have already shown aromatherapy’s benefits. Of the research that has been done to date, here are some of the findings: Preliminary research shows that aromatherapy can alter brain waves and behavior.Aromatherapy can reduce the perception of stress, increase contentment, and decrease levels of cortisol, the “stress hormone.”Lavender aromatherapy has indeed been shown to reduce crying in infants and promote sleep in infants and adults.Different aromatherapy scents bring different effects on people. (See this article for aromatherapy benefits of various scents.)One study showed that aromatherapy massage can have some beneficial effects on anxiety and depression.Massage with aromatherapy provides stronger and more continuous relief from fatigueâ€"especially mental fatigueâ€"than massage alone. As a Stress Relief Tool While aromatherapy isn’t the magic ‘cure-all’ that it’s sometimes made out to be, it does appear to have proven effects as a stress reliever. Aromatherapy is a nice tool for stress relief because it has few (if any) known side effects, can be used passively (you can fill the room with scent while you attend to other activities, relieving stress in the process), and can be easily combined with other stress relievers (like massage or meditation, for example), for increased stress relief. Aromatherapy products are also widely available, making aromatherapy a convenient option. Aromatherapy can be convenient, especially for busy people who need something quick. Here are some ideas for aromatherapy use: Candles Candles are great for aromatherapy.  Lighting a candle is probably one of the simplest ways to scent up a room and create a nice feel, so get some aromatherapy candles and let them burn. The candles, like incense, can also be used to create a more soothing atmosphere, or as a focal point for meditation. However, they may be more practical than some incense because they don’t give off as much smoke. Be sure that you get quality candles that give off a scent that’s potent enough to be smelled around the room. Diffusers Aromatherapy diffusers take essential oils and evaporate them through the air. This can be with the help of a candle or with batteries if you want to avoid the fire. Diffusers are great because they spread the scent quite effectively.  The battery-run ones can be safer than candlesâ€"no open fire involved.  This is another convenient method of creating a soothing atmosphere, and many of them look really nice as well, adding to the soothing vibe you should create anyway. Body Products Aromatherapy body products are great because they create a scent that follows you but can’t necessarily be smelled by others (unless they’re very close, in which case they probably won’t mind). You can rub aromatherapy lotion all over your skin, or dab a few drops of skin-safe essential oils on pulse points and enjoy the scent for hours. Best Aromatherapy Scents for Stress Relief Massage Aromatherapy combined with massage carried greater benefits than either strategy by itself. If you’re lucky enough to have someone who will trade aromatherapy massages with you, this can be a wonderful and cheap strategy for stress relief. If not, paying for a massage from a professional can be worth the money. Meditation Aromatherapy can enhance the relaxation benefits of meditation, providing  a focal point (as with incense meditation), and offering the passive stress relief benefits of aromatherapy. Even a five-minute meditation can bring benefits. Try the aromatherapy incense mediation or the aromatherapy bath mediation.

The Industrial Revolution And The War Of 1812 - 1461 Words

The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements of the economy and society. The Industrial Revolution first began in North America. This location was very important for the sparking of the revolution because the railroad, which was one of the causes of industrialization, was built here. The Historical Catalysts of Industrial Revolution: The Embargo Act and the War of 1812: In the early 1800s, the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France challenged the neutrality of the United States. Britain and France created trade restrictions which was not only peaking others’ economies but also disrupting American trade. Therefore, President Thomas Jefferson decided to announce the Embargo Act of 1807, which supported Americans producing their own goods because it banned the trade of foreign goods. Not long after the Embargo Act, the War of 1812 changed the Americans’ thoughts about industrialization. During the War of 1812, Americans wanted Britain to draw their soldiers out of the United States and stop supplying guns and ammunitions because Britain lacked respect for Americans. When theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Industrial Revolution And The War Of 18121577 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction of Industrial Revolution in United States: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also was the great developmentRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The War Of 18121859 Words   |  8 PagesThese are just a few of the hardships of living in the Industrial Revolution. But the Industrial Revolution wasn’t all bad. It created so many new jobs, not only for men, but for women and children as well. It was a time of immense change in the way goods were made and transported. The Industrial Revolution was greatly impacted by the economic changes, women and children’s roles, and the movement of people and goods. During the War of 1812, the British had a blockade, which cut off Americans fromRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 took place between the Americans and Great Britain because of the impressment of Americans sailors by the British and the passing of the Embargo Act by Congress and President Thomas Jefferson. The British navy would impress sailors from American ships and force the American sailors to board the British ships and to join the British navy. The second reason that the War of 1812 occurred was because of the Embargo Act of 1807. This act was passed by Congress and Jefferson and it stoppedRead MoreIntroduction Of The American Industrial Revolution1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction of the American Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. 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Social Media And Its Impact On Society - 1706 Words

Do you have a facebook account? What about Instagram? Whether you’ve dipped your toes in the waters of social media, have you ever wondered about the impacts that it can have on your personal life? In the modern society today, social media plays an important role. It has become a prominent part of a teenager’s life. One of the most difficult questions to answer is whether the role that social media plays is positive or negative. For the past 10 years, the rise of social media is immensely great. Although social media has helped change lives for good, it can lead to negative consequences such as the increase in cyber bullying, how social media affects how teenagers view body image and how social media drives teenagers to distraction. Many changes in technology are brought in the world and for the most part it made life more efficient and enjoyable. Unfortunately, many drawbacks in the growth of technology led to a phenomenon called Cyber-bullying. But how real is the threat of cyberbullying and is it such a big issue? According to the 2014 Cyber Bullying Statistics, 25% of teenagers report that they have experienced repeated bullying on their cell phone and on the Internet and only 1 in 10 teenagers consent an adult if they have been a victim of cyberbullying. Imagine that! Only one out of ten teenagers have informed that they have been a victim of cyberbullying. So how much more have not reported that they have been a target of this? And how much more teenagers are outShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Society Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you thought about the impact that social media has on society? Today I would like to address the impact of social media on society for those of you that are social media users and this includes the advantages or disadvantages that as associated with it. In this speech, I want to relate to you how social media is being used by social media users. 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Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages What it Means to be Black In 2016, society is at a place where people are able to discover tons of information at the touch of a finger; this indeed can impact on how we view common things in society, such as identity. This statement holds true for â€Å"blacks† or African Americans as well. The stigma that comes with being black has been around for centuries; however, many blacks are using social media to combat negativity. In an era predicated on the use of the internet, black people have proven to

Essay about Marx (The Communist Manifesto) and Rousseau

The political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx examined the role that the state played and its relationship to its citizen’s participation and access to the political economy during different struggles and tumultuous times. Rousseau was a believer of the concept of social contract with limits established by the good will and community participation of citizens while government receives its powers given to it. Karl Marx believed that power was to be taken by the people through the elimination of the upper class bourgeois’ personal property and capital. While both philosophers created a different approach to establishing the governing principles of their beliefs they do share a similar concept of eliminating ownership of†¦show more content†¦Rousseau establishes the Social Contract (Compact) that will provide the solution for a protective community of free individuals, who submit their freedoms or duties to the betterment of the whole collecti ve body. While the individual is still free to conduct his life in freedom, the same citizen has a requirement to conduct business and make decisions that will be what’s best for the body. If everyone in the body commits to the arrangements of the contract, then the general members will have no problems with compelling to the political structure (Rousseau pg. 11). When it comes to property (or capital), Rousseau concludes that the citizen has the right to take everything that is needed. He also has the right to work his labor and cultivate enough for a profit. He calls the State as the â€Å"in relation to its members, is master of all their goods by the social contract, which, within the State, is the basis of all rights; but, in relation to other powers, it is so only by the right of the first occupier, which it holds from its members† (Rousseau pg 13). He warns against not occupying land that is claimed by the citizen. This a basic call that entering into the social contract is giving up the right to personal possessions. It is a general will for the common good. You give up everything to get back what you require from the state. The state makes decisions for its members. ItShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx View On Capitalism1084 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx was a philosopher who was engaged in economic politics, sociology, and radical politics. Marx saw the world as two different entities. He saw it as a scuffle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. This is what divided the capitalist society. Marx believed everyone works in some shape, form, and fashion. The bourgeoisie were the individuals that held the capital and the proletariats were the wage-laborers. The social aspect would then come in to play. Marx would then try toRead MoreProperty Creates Human Greed By Rousseau s State Of Nature1239 Words   |  5 Pagesto note here that Rousseau does not legitimize codifying natural inequality; he explains that this inequali ty begins to become perceived as legitimate because the system of laws is meant to keep the inequality in place. With social acceptance of property, labor becomes necessary. Nevertheless, Rousseau explains the logistical difficulties of property - one can legitimately acquire property through neither labor nor through collective agreement. To exemplify this dilemma, Rousseau explains: They couldRead MoreComparison Between Marx And Rousseau1138 Words   |  5 Pagesstate laws and policies, Marx and Rousseau both agree men are not living in a free society. In western democracies today, both philosophers’ ideas are clear and visible. Rousseau and Marx both argue in their works that men seek to control property, as a way to control others. Rousseau argues in his work, discourse on the origin of inequality, that man is not equal due to the greed and selfishness of individuals who control the government. Charles Bertram argues that, â€Å" Rousseau believes that a systemRead MoreA Brief Look at Niccolo Machiavelli1698 Words   |  7 Pagesvengeance need not be feared† The Prince has been headed many times by recent governments in the Western World. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in1712 and died in Ermenonville, France in 1778. He was a musical composer, writer and philosopher. He was and remains a very important person in terms of political philosophy and moral psychology. It is necessary here to compare Rousseau to Machiavelli in terms of conception of Sovereignty, the Social Contract and the people. Rousseau’s most famous workRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau s Theory Of Ownership1136 Words   |  5 PagesHobbes and Rousseau believe that ownership should be individual, whereas Marx wants ownership to be communal. This paper will first analyze using textual evidence how Hobbes understands the idea of ownership in his book â€Å"Leviathan†; what Rousseau interprets of ownership in â€Å"Discourse on the Origins of Inequality†; Marx’s views on the idea of ownership; and then answer whether or not a political society needs to protect the right to ownership. Thomas Hobbes was raised and trained to be a humanistRead MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels974 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument has had such far reaching effect as Karl Marx’s, Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto, hereafter referred to as the CM, was published in London, 1848 and served as the culmination of the collaboration between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The CM was to serve as the basis for the communist platform, a political system which, in Marx’s and Engel’s view, served as the final destination in the natural progression of society. Marx attributed this progression to the idea that â€Å"class struggle†Read MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Theory And Social Discourse1253 Words   |  6 Pagessocietal sovereign that protected property. A half century later, Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on Inequality, a piece that explored the proprietary origin and distribution of equality while subtly critiquing John Locke’s theories. By the time Karl Marx began to explore bourgeois society and its shortcomings, Rousseau was an established Locke critique who Marx’s On the Jewish Question and Communist Manifesto could contend with. The largest point of contention between the three would beRead MoreMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreKarl Marx And The Industrial Revolution846 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx, in the 19th century was the first to discuss capitalistic societies. He was known for his discussions on communism. Marx believed that capitalism was a product of the industrial revelation. This labor class and class division, he felt crippled individuals which made them have little or no self worth. Harriet Jacobs, Life of a Slave Girl, John Locke, Second Treatise of Government and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract all have similar beliefs and discussions on the equality

Managing Product and Service Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Managing Product and Service Innovation. Answer: Introduction: New product development (NPD) reflects the transformation of a new market opportunity into the available product and services. It has a central role regarding the prosperity of for organizations active in the market. NPDs potential benefits include improved resource utilization, improved market position, transformation, and renewal of the organization. NPDs ideal outcome is products with high potential that can able to achieve sales growth, high market share, profit objective and use in the market. The impact of NPD process is huge in the organizational business process. Since, it allows organization to introduce new product as per the need and demand of the market. As a result, it allows organization to gain competitive advantage in the market. Background of the product and company: In the previous part, I discussed the significance of NPD process for the Accenture Inc. I selected the Accenture, as it considered as one of the most innovative organization that continuously trying to innovate products and services in order to maintain its position in the market. In this report, I am looking to focus on the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software of Accenture in order to have an in-depth analysis of NPD process. Relevant theory: From the study, I found that product innovation process consist of several steps, which every organization has to follow. Otherwise, the objective of new product development will not fulfill. The product development process starts with ideation where organization tries to consider different types of idea (Bendoly, Bharadwaj Bharadwaj, 2012). I found that ideation allows organization to identify the best idea regarding the kind of product innovation will provide best benefit to the company (Fang, Lee Yang, 2015). Then the NPD process will have to consider the development of concept so that it can able to introduce new product successfully in the market. I found the next step of product development process is kind of business that the new product can potentially have on the market (Marion et al., 2015). I feel this is important, as it will help organization to decide the amount that needed to invest for the particular product innovation. The NPD process will have to consider technica l implementation process so that it can able to the organization can able to identify the required technology that needed for successful implementation of the process (Kahn et al., 2012). Then I found that organization would have to consider commercialization process so that the innovated product can able to have maximum amount of impact on the market. I found that Accenture one of the top organizations that keeps huge focus on its product development process so that it can help the company to maintain its position in the market. I also identified that effectiveness of the innovated product of Accenture is high because it performs all the steps in details, which allows the company to minimize the risk associate with NPD process. In case of development of PLM software, the first thing that Accenture will have to consider is to identify the kind of impact it can have on the business processes (Hwangbo, Cooper Tsekleves, 2015). Particularly in the IT industry, every organization is trying to capture major portion of the market. Therefore, I believe market potential assessment is one of the key NPD process. According to Ahmad, Mallick Schroeder (2013) new product development is the life of any organization regardless of its size. As I found that proficiency of new product can have huge amount of contribution in the success of any org anization. Here, I want mention a company namely Freshdesk. Since, the company has experience immense success after few years of its establishment. Currently, it considered as one of the prime cloud service solution providers of the entire world. I found the success of Freshdesk primarily because of its complete unique solution, which was not taken into consideration by other organization. However, I do know that Accenture belongs to a completely different level, as it is one of the prime companies of the world. Still I found that, if an organization able to innovate effective ideas, it will not take too long for a organization to move up to the ladder very quickly (Mac Chang, Bei Lou, 2014). I realize form the above mention process that idea generation and screening of ideas can actually make or break an entire business. Therefore, I believe it is up to the organization to utilize all this factors in such a way that it could able to capture major portion of the market. Impact of NPD process on business: I found that new product develop can affect the present level of business in a great way. I found that NPD allows organization to capture major portion of the market. Whereas, for the company like Accenture, which have already able to achieve major portion of the market with its innovative products and services NPD allows sustaining its growth for a long period of time (Rahmani, Emamisaleh Yadegari, 2015). In case of PLM software, it allows the organization to optimize the lifecycle of the implemented products. Therefore, organization can actually plan to implement all its resources in an effective manner. Therefore, I believe PLM software has huge potential that can have boost the revenue level of the organization. However, it also has certain amount of risk associated with it. Since, if the evaluation or selection of idea regarding the new product development cannot able to make the expected amount of impact in the market, it will cost huge financial loss for the company. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be mention that NPD is a significant process that every organization has to perform in order to maintain its position in the market. Accenture is also not an exception. Since, technological evaluation is inducing many other organizations to innovate new products in order to gain its position in the market. Hence, I can say that Accenture will have to implement NPD process effectively so that it can able to maintain its position in the market. References: Ahmad, S., Mallick, D. N., Schroeder, R. G. (2013). New product development: impact of project characteristics and development practices on performance.Journal of Product Innovation Management,30(2), 331-348. Bendoly, E., Bharadwaj, A., Bharadwaj, S. (2012). Complementary Drivers of New Product Development Performance: Crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Functional Coordination, Information System Capability, and Intelligence Quality.Production and Operations Management,21(4), 653-667. Fang, E., Lee, J., Yang, Z. (2015). The Timing of codevelopment alliances in new product development processes: returns for upstream and downstream partners.Journal of Marketing,79(1), 64-82. Hwangbo, H., Cooper, R., Tsekleves, E. (2015, June). Ambidexterity of design management in different approaches to digital design: Review of Organizational Attitudes in the East and the West in New Product Development Process. InRD Management Conference 2015. Kahn, K. B., Barczak, G., Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A., Perks, H. (2012). An examination of new product development best practice.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(2), 180-192. Mac Chang, C., Bei, L. T., Lou, Y. C. (2014, July). DOES EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY DETERMINE POWER STRUCTURE IN THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS? THE ROLE OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DURATION. In2014 Global Marketing Conference at Singapore(pp. 1435-1438). Marion, T. J., Eddleston, K. A., Friar, J. H., Deeds, D. (2015). The evolution of interorganizational relationships in emerging ventures: An ethnographic study within the new product development process.Journal of Business Venturing,30(1), 167-184.

Factors of Spanish Economic Development free essay sample

A look at the economic developments and advancements in Spain. This paper discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that face Spain as the country that looks to not only participate but to lead the emerging European Community. Since the mid-1980s Spain has experienced economic boom and prosperity as the socio-economic and political changes of the past three decades have come together to produce a stable democracy and strong member of the European Community. In fact, Spain led the EC in growth in the second half of the 1980s with an average annual GDP Growth rate of 4.5 percent (Bruton, 1994). Rising domestic demand, increases in individual income, greater employment, growth in foreign direct investment, industrial production and corporate profits have driven growth, and the Spanish have adopted an aggressively competitive attitude to business that will work to their advantage in the increasingly global marketplace. The Spaniards are eager to release themselves from the traditional chains of an isolationist past and become not just players, but leaders, in the future of Europe and the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors of Spanish Economic Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Discussion of Clinton v. State of New York essays

Discussion of Clinton v. State of New York essays The Constitution gives the President three discrete functions following bicameral adoption of a bill in Congress. First, he may elect to sign it. Second, he may veto the bill and return it with a statement of his objections to the house of Congress in which the bill originated. Finally, he may do nothing, in which case the bill becomes law without his signature, unless the Pocket Veto Clause applies. The Constitution proscribes in great detail how separation of powers, discussion, and many other things can be accomplished. The reality of the situation is that the system doesnt work perfectly and that side issues in the form of federal spending or regional issues almost always seem to slow the process of legislation. While the president has some veto power under the Constitution, there is always a great deal of time taken up with reforming, reformatting and rewriting proposed laws. The Constitutionality of the Line Item veto was decided on a federal level. U.S. District Judge Thomas F. Hogan said the law, centering on its violation of Article 1, Section 7 of the Constitution, violates the Constitution's requirement that the president sign or veto bills in their entirety. Judge Hogan said that the line item veto bill also gave the President part of Congress' lawmaking role (Biskupic and Barr, 1998). Judge Hogan pointed out two sets of challengers with standing. In New York City, two hospital associations and other related groups objected to Clinton's cancellation of a budget provision. This brought objections at the state and federal level. At the trial and appellate level The other case, Idaho potato growers brought suit, arising from the president's veto of a capital gains tax break for farmer cooperatives nationwide (Baum, 1998, pp 316 320). On the political face of it, the line item veto would seem to be a battle between pork and beef. Officers of the government have sought for generations to find a way to avoid t...

Community Coffee Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Coffee - Research Paper Example Coffee business in any sense should be solely based on quality because if the leaders are not highly riled up about sourcing the finest coffee beans from different regions by effectively cooperating with the people who grow them, the business never transforms into a ceaseless passion but always remains a business established principally for personal gains. Therefore, the management at Community Coffee considers it significantly valuable to make prodigious investments in the people whose job is to grow the most fervently sought coffee beans. We seriously consider these people are most respected partners and always intend to treat them with value and dignity in order to foster a solid partnership which is reputable for fueling a business. Community Coffee targets people from all backgrounds irrespective of class, racial, ethnic, and economic differences. Diversity is embraced by the staff here which not only considers the customers as people who come to get a cup of coffee but as digni fied humans with whom it is important to develop a sound connection which would go farther from just coffee. Together the management and staff at Community Coffee attempt to achieve a competitive edge over other similar businesses by religiously following the core values and business ethics which are essential to sustain success and customer satisfaction. When it is honestly tried by the business leaders to merge together business and ethics in different areas like leadership, decision-making processes, employee management, production, and customer satisfaction, the consequences prove to be quite fruitful for the organizations. Leading by example and behaving in accordance with the professional code of conduct to win the durable trust of the customers is a critically important area which the management at Community Coffee intends to make its hallmark. It is considered fundamentally important by Community Coffee to make wise investments at the right time because in the present fierce ly competitive and dynamic business world, such a smart strategy is the need of the time. In order to help this coffee business garner mainstream popularity and effectively address the highly dynamic customers’ needs, it is always tried by the staff to remain fully open and engaged with the customers from diverse backgrounds. It is important for a simple encounter starting from a simple beverage to culminate in a lasting smile on the face of the customer. We want our business to become a household name in a matter of few years and for this purpose, commitment to diversity is regarded crucially valuable. The talents of multicultural workforce can be most accurately used for gaining competitive advantages by valuing diversity. For this purpose, Community Coffee rigorously attempts to establish an inclusive culture as a way of promoting diversity due to which a riveting repertoire of multicultural perspectives could be formed and that is especially helpful for myriad decision-ma king processes. Also, if the leaders are not careful enough about ethically sourcing the finest beans at most suitable prices, not only are they abandoning their most important obligation but also they are being unfaithful to their

Culture And Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture And Public Policy - Essay Example This paper stresses that culture can also be regard as the relationships among people within groups, among groups and between ideas and views. Culture deals with identity, coordination, structures, and practices that guide relations among people such as ethnicity, heritage, rituals, norms, and beliefs. Multiculturalism refers to a specific set of philosophical ideas, or a particular orientation by institutions or the government towards a varied population. Thus, culture is created by people and defines people. Culture is express in various ways such as through how we speak, live, conduct public life, associate with others, celebrate, entertain ourselves, remember the past, and think about the future. This report makes a conclusion that culture influences all public policies. The culture of the people or a nation determines the nature of the public policy that is created . Culture also affects the implementation of the policy. It may facilitate implementation of the policy thereby, helping to achieve the policy objectives or prevent creation or implementation of a good public policy, which may have a negative effect on a country’s different aspects such as economic development. Poor public policies in most African countries are because of bad cultures such as the high degree of power distance. On the other hand, most developed countries public interest oriented policies are inspired by the countries’ good cultures such as low power distance.

Identifying Bacterial Growth

Identifying Bacterial Growth Introduction: This experiment was about isolating a single bacterial colony from a soil sample and identifying which genus it belongs in. This is especially important for functions such as agriculture, as knowing whether a specific soil has a high concentration of nutrient producing bacterium is essential to being able to harvest good crops. Another key component of soil bacterium, is that they tend to be high in nutrient recycling organisms. As well there tends to be a high number of varying phylum in soil bacterium that was previously unknown, as in 2003 Joseph et al. managed to isolate 350 different bacterium which were assigned into 9 different phyla. As well approximately 27% of the isolated bacterium belonged to unnamed families, and were located in very poorly studied phyla. (Joseph et al. 2003) Methods: The experiment began by subculturing a bacterial colony identified from a myriad of soil bacterium isolated in an agar plate. Then this bacterial colony was observed through a microscope, as well as tested for whether it was gram positive or gram negative. Then the bacterium was re-cultured into varying solutions to test for specific nutrient use. First it was subcultured onto an agar plate rich in starch, incubated, and tested for starch hydrolysis via the use of lugols iodine, to see if there was starch remaining in the area of the bacterial colony. Then a deep rich in sulfur was inoculated with the bacterium, and observed for whether motility was displayed, or whether hydrogen sulphide was produced. Then the bacterium was inoculated in a peptone broth, to test for production of ammonia, through the addition of Nesslers Reagent, an ammonium sulphate broth and a nitrite broth, to test for the ability to nitrify compounds using Nesslers reagent; Trommdorfs Reagent; diphenylamine; and Sulfuric acid, and a nitrate broth to test for the ability to denitrify compounds using indicated reagents. Then the bacterium was placed into a thioglycollate medium to test the oxygen tolerance of the bacterium. Next the bacterium was subcultured onto a normal agar plate, to test for the presence of catalase and oxidase. Finally the bacterium was subcultured on plates with varying NaCl concentrations, and inoculated in tubes of varying pHs and tubes with varying temperatures. (Robertson and Egger, 2010) Results: In this lab our obtained data was collected and summarized (Table 1). This was then used to obtain a possible bacteria genera from the collected data, based on a text of classifications. These include references for whether a microbe genera happens to have a specific enzyme, to which types of electron donors it utilizes throughout its ATP production phase, be it in oxidative phosphorylation, or substrate level phosphorylation, or even a form of fermentation. The information gathered in table in is well correlated in the assigned manual, and is indicative of the genera Bacillus, which is known for its Rod-like shape, and the ability of this specific genera to grow across a vast array of nutrient types. (Sneath, 1986) Other indicators of this particular Genus, are that Bacilli tend to grow most predominantly within a temperature range characterized by mesophilic organisms, and have a wide range of osmotic pressure, or salt concentration tolerances. Another indicator of the bacillus genera, is the fact that this unknown bacteria tested positive on the gram test, as most members of the bacillus genera are gram-positive bacteria. Discussion: The bacterium is of the genus bacillus, because of the fact that it fits into the category of being able to survive in most conditions. (Sneath, 1986) The main characteristics that helped identify this bacterium were the fact that it is gram positive, that it is rod-shaped, and the determination through chemical testing that it can utilize multiple nutrient types to grow, and reproduce. These characteristics pointed definitively to the bacterium bacillus, and further investigation revealed them to most likely be either Bacillus cereus, or Bacillus licheniformis. These bacterium share almost all in common with the isolated bacterium in terms of chemical use, and similar makeup. This bacterium could have been further identified through other tests, such as looking for other enzymes that may be present, and performing tests to determine the exact makeup of the cell wall. The other tests that could be performed, could be to detect for the presence of chemicals known to be associated with fermentation, such as lactic acid. The limitations of the tests which were performed, are that they tend to test for the same type of thing. For example if something tests positive for nitrification, they may not test positive for ammonification because it is all converted straight to a nitrate form. The Bacillus strain plays many varied roles in nature, based on its vast adaptability, and the variance of locations it is found in. For example, it ranges from living in soil, to water, from animals, to plants. The Bacillus is even found in a pathogenic form, as Bacillus anthracis in humans, and in multiple forms in insects and animals. (Sneath, 1986) This means that the Bacillus anthracis strain is of a particular interest to scientists, as it is a reason to research antibiotics, as well as a reason to investigate different strains of this bacterium to see what other pathogenic roles this bacterium can cause in living creatures. This lab contains many possible sources of error, the main one being cross contamination. As the bacterium was recultured so many times, each time represents a possible instance where another bacterium was added to the mix, or substituted for the bacterium being isolated. Also during testing different bacteriums could have been picked up and added to the testing which could have caused a shift in results, or an increase in the range a specific result is in. Another source of error, is that there was what appeared to be a subculture of yeast intermixed with one of the bacterium subcultures obtained during testing. As this yeast subculture was at one time located on the same plate as the bacterium which was isolated and tested for, it could have also been located in our sample throwing our specific results off. These specific errors could inevitably cause the data gathered to point to the wrong bacterium genus and lead to misclassification. This could be corrected for by taking multipl e subcultures of the bacterium, and observing each subculture carefully to determine if there is any presence of different bacterial strains. In the end, the objectives of this experiment were properly met, as a bacterial sample was subcultured from a soil sample, and the bacterium was adequately identified via a myriad of tests and procedures. Since these objectives were met the experiment could be considered to be successful, especially as it taught me about different subculturing techniques as well as the methods that a microbiologist uses to determine bacterial identity. Literature Cited: Joseph, S.J., Hugenholtz, P., Sangwan, P., Osborne, C. A., Janssen, P. H. (2003) Laboratory Cultivation of Widespread and Previously Uncultured Soil Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69: 7210-7215 Robertson, S., Egger, K. (2010) Identification of Soil Bacteria. Biology 203 Microbiology Lab Manual. 4-33 Sneath, P. H. A. Ed. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 2. 1986. Lipincott, Williams, Wilkins. Baltimore, Maryland.

The Potential of Medical Marijuana :: Marijuana Medicine Treatment Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world (7). Since it became illegal in 1967 (5), there have been many questions of whether or not it is good for medical purposes. Debates between people that are for and against the use of marijuana in medicine have been heated and in recent years, referendums have been brought up in several states to make it available for medical treatment. Personally, I think that marijuana has the power to be a significant help with certain aliments, however, I think that more research is needed to prove its' medical potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first people to introduce the healing properties of marijuana, were the Chinese. About five thousand years ago, the people of the plains of Central Asia, just north of the Himalayas, began cultivating the plant. Though it is not exactly certain what cultivation of the plant was for, whether it was for its oil, fiber or medical properties, most experts believe that it was for its fibers. The fiber of the plant is so strong that it can be used to make thick, sturdy ropes. Its seeds also contain oils that can be used as a varnish. In some countries the seeds are used as bird and cattle feed and also in the manufacturing of soap. Something else that you may not know is that the seeds can be roasted and eaten as food. It is actually the flowers of a certain type of the plant that is used for its medicinal and intoxicating property. I say "a flower from a certain type of the plant" because from my personal experience, many people believe that there is only one type of marijuana. Actually, marijuana is such a wild plant, that it easily adapts to any soil and new varieties it then emerge. This is when the plants with the strongest fibers, most superior oils, and a more potent drug content are selected. Only around 1000 B.C., in India and Southeast Asia, when the plant started to grow in that region, the intoxicating features were recognized and appreciated (7).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So when was the plant introduced to the Western Hemisphere? There is archeological evidence that the plant was brought toWestern Europe from Asia at around 1500 B.C., by the Scythian invaders and later reached the Mediterranean region. However, the people of western Europe didn't begin cultivating it as a plant crop in their area until about 500 A.

Eu Integration Theories-Neofunctionalism

EEU Integration Theories:Neo-Functionalism â€Å"Any comprehensive theory of integration should potentially be a theory of disintegration. † (Schmitter, 2002: 4) Introduction Neo-functionalism, as the first integration theory of EU to form a regional cooperation, is a theory of collective security and collective development but there was a compromise, a negative side: interdependence; sometimes `excessively? to a supranational authority and the risk of by-passing of nation state.The balance of the scale was rather sensitive and it was both supported and rejected by many passionately. This paper tries to find an answer to the question â€Å"What is the significance of the neo-functionalist theory for integration process of the EU and what are the dynamics and causes of the decline in mid 1960s and its renaissance after 1980s? † and deals with the theory from a very limited perspective. Its predecessors and successors will be kept out of discussion but a closer view to th e phases of neo-functionalism will be provided.The main argument of this paper is that, in its first phase between 1950s until the mid 1960s, neo-functionalism suffered from abstraction of the power of nation state in a period in which supranational governance was not thoroughly internalized; whereas, with the deepening of integration process and theoretical contributions by scholars, enabled neo-functionalism to see the reality of integration through a more realist and mature perspective and to be more comprehensive in terms of realizing the power of myriads of actors in the integration process during its second phase after mid 1980s.In the first part, definition of neo-functionalism and its importance in the post WW II context will be given. In the second part, the theory will be elaborated with its core concepts and in the third part, criticisms of the theory will be given from both empirical and theoretical grounds. In the fourth and last part, the recent history of neo-function alism will be evaluated and the revival period will be elabotared in connection with the recent aspects of European integration. 1. Definition of Neo-functionalism and its importance in the post WW II context The Europe after the two world wars had a catastrophic burden.Although numbers vary, around 35 million in the first and around 55 million casualties depicted the highest number of losses in the history of mankind. As a precursor to United Nations, League of Nations failed to prevent the road to the second world war primarily due to lacking an armed forces of its own; moreover, nation states hardly had the enthusiasm to support any formation that limited their sovereignty. The pain and destruction after the two wars created an incentive to cooperate for further economic and human losses.Neo-functionalism is conceptualized by Ernst B. Haas in this context to explain boosting of regional cooperation and create interdependence in such a way that any conflict would result in great e conomic losses, which prevents rational states from further conflicts. â€Å"Then came along the political project of creating a united Europe, which had the result of creating a myriad of institutions in which very, very many people participated. †¦ These institutions developed a permanence through which both French and German †¦ learned to do routine business with each other every day.A problem which they experienced was a common problem. †¦ first comes the traumatic lesson, then comes the institution for learning to deal with each other† (Haas, 2000: 16 in Risse, 2004:1). The case of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was the example that Haas took to exemplify this cooperation to integration process. The ECSC was the first organisation based on supranational integration, with the states that composed them pooling a whole range of national powers (European Nagivator, The European Communities).Until it was merged to the European Commission in 1967, The High Authority governed the ECSC to provide a common market in terms of coal and steel. â€Å"The Six (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) opted for integration and supranationalism as the means of unification. † (Henig, 1997:12) For Haas, political integration is â€Å"the process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations, and political activities toward a new centre, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states† (Haas 1958,16).According to neo-functionalist thinking â€Å"the fundamental idea was that international relations shouldn`t be seen as a zero sum game, and that everybody wins when countries become involved in processes of economic and political integration† (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 2007:84). The main reason for this arguments is one of the key concepts of neo-functionalism, namely spillover, which will be su bstantiated in the next part. 2. Main concepts of Neo-functionalist theory The Spillover thesisNeo-functionalist theory assumes that cooperation in a certain area triggers cooperation in several other areas areas (sometimes not previously planned ones) to achieve a through integration in the original area and creates new political goals (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 2007:84). According Neo-functionalism the logic of spillover is central to explain the expansive logic of European integration and in this part three main types of spill over will be briefly identified to understand this expansive logic with a closer view.The first type of spill over is the functional or technical spillover, which suggests some sectors are so interdependent to each other that, it is impossible to isolate them and further integration is the key to prevent further problems. In other words, it takes place â€Å"when integration in one industry/sector creates its own impetus and necessitates further integration b oth in the same, and in other industries/sectors† (Howell, 2002:17).The second type is the political spillover according to which policy areas are purposefully linked together due to ideological reasons, sometimes as â€Å"package deals† (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 2007:85). With such integration, the actors will realise their benefits in the international level instead of national one and form international coalitions (Haas, 1968:34). So the elites will learn to pursue their benefits in the international level and â€Å"refocus their activities, expectations and even loyalties to the new center† (Tranholm-Mikkelsen, 1991:4).The third type of spillover is the cultivated spillover which puts emphasis on central institutions like the Commission especially when nation states aren`t willingful for further integration. So it is assumed â€Å"that the European Commission will be pro-active in the management of European integration† (Howell, 2002:17). But the importa nt point here is that the central institutions such as the Commission act â€Å"not only as mediators, but also more directly as agents of political integration or as `policy enterpreneurs`† (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 2007:85).Elite Socialization and Supranational Interest Group Thesis The second and the third thesis of neo-functionalism are elite socialization thesis and supranational interest group thesis. â€Å"The elite socialization thesis describes that over time civil servants and politicians involved on a regular basis in the supranational policy process will tend to develop European loyalties and preferences† (Mailand, 2005:6). This loyalty would result in prioritizing the European interests rather than the national ones in the framework of pan-European norms and ideas.This formation of European-minded agents result in a common European identity. The latter one, the supranational interest group thesis, argues the presence of interest groups putting pressure on go vernments to accelerate the integration process based on their economic and political interests. â€Å"Organized interest groups are also expected to become more European, as corporations and business groups formulate their own interests with an eye to the supranational institutions† (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 2007:87).They â€Å"may ally themselves with supranational institutions like the European Commission in pursuing their agendas† (Ozcan, 2008:8). 3. Main criticisms for the Neo-functionalist theory The power of a theory is closely related with its accuracy of prediction. That is why neo-functionalism was considered to be quite convincing around 1950s and 1960s. From the middle of 1960 the theory suffered a great deal due to the incompatibilities with reality until its renaissance around mid 1980s due to the developments in integration process.But in this part the main criticisms towards neo-functionalism before its revival will be elaborated with its imperfections un der empirical and theoretical grounds. From an empirical grounds perspective, due to its attempt for being a grand theory, neo-functionalist school put forward some great assumptions, the most attention drawing of which is the emphasis on incremental integration rather than with fluctuations during the integration process of Europe.On the one hand, compared to its predecessor functionalism (as mentioned at the beginning of the paper, due to the limitations, the contextual approach to neo-functionalism is abstracted from this paper), neo-functionalism takes into consideration the non-automated integration; but on the other hand, ironically, based on spill over concept, neo-functionalism did not take into consideration the possibility of spill-back until the middle of 1960s, which can shortly be defined as the process of disintegration and â€Å"withdraw from joint obligations† (Schmitter, 2002:20), and downgrading their commitment to mutual cooperation.The most explicit exampl e would be the Empty Chair Crisis â€Å"From 30 June 1965 to 29 January 1966, in disagreement with the Commission of the European Communities on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP), France's representatives refuse to attend any intergovernmental meetings of the Community bodies in Brussels† (European Navigator, The Empty Chair Crisis). The French president Charles de Gaulle who had a military background created a huge crisis which ended up with the Luxembourg Compromise in 1966.The main reason for this was the gradual transition from unanimous voting to qualified-majority voting as provided for in the Treaty of Rome with effect from 1966 (Europa Glossary, Luxembourg Compromise). The crisis due to the intergovernmental view of French government formed the end of the first phase of neo-functionalism, leaving its place to a nation-state dominated perception of integration. From a theoretical grounds perspective, neo-functionalist school was criticized for the i nability to predict the nature of integration.Concerning this, even Haas himself acknowledged that â€Å"What once appeared to be a distinctive `supranational? style now looks more like a huge regional bureaucratic appendage to an intergovernmental conference in permanent session. † (Haas, 1975:6). As it is mentioned in the empirical grounds part, the concept of spill over was seen not to reflect the realities of integration process all the time. The second important critique from a theoretical point of view is towards the elite socialization thesis, which mainly assumes the development of supranational loyalties and identities.This criticism argues that in fact it is not possible to separate the servants from their national roots and even if they are paid and appointed by a supranational authority, they may still have a â€Å"larger ear† (Dihm, 2010: Field Trip to Brussels Meeting) for their national backgrounds either due to due their previous networks or nationalist sentiments. The third criticism focuses on the nature of neo-functionalism, which gives the main importance on the supranational character of international relations.Again taking into consideration the empirical criticism, the intergovernmental aspect was underestimated in case of national interests by the neo-functionalist school and the main criticism was towards an analysis which is more centered on intergovernmental aspects. 4. The revival of Neo-functionalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s Although Neo-functionalism lost its popularity after the middle of 1960s (after a period of popularity in 1950s and first half of 1960s), it started to gain its popularity due to the revitalization of EU integration process.This renewed interest is closely associated with the Single European Act (1986) which brought forward creation of an internal market in EU until 1992. â€Å"To facilitate the establishment of the internal market, the act provides for increasing the number of cases in which the Council can take decisions by qualified majority voting instead of unanimity† (Europa. eu, Single European Act). This accelerated the integration process in many ways besides removing trade barriers only, making the concept of spillover frequently referred to once again after a long slumber.Nevertheless according to some, this renewal would not be sufficient to understand the linear progression of social events. â€Å"As social scientists, we wish for theories about the social world to build on each other in some linear fashion but more often than not we observe, instead, a cyclical pattern by which different schools of thought replace each other in commanding out attention over time. Leading figures in the various theoretical traditions follow this same pattern† (Orru, 1988:115).But this was merely a cyclical pattern in fact when a closer analysis is made concerning the main theoretical aspects of the renaissance of neo-functionalism. After the theory strengt hened by the developments in EU, the most significant contribution came from Alec Stone Sweet and Wayne Sandholtz`s â€Å"European Integration and Supranational Governance†. Their main argument is given at the beginning of their article as â€Å"We argue that European integration is provoked and sustained by the development of causal connections between three factors: transnational exchange, supra-national organization, and European Community (EC) rule-making. (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:297) and their main emphasis is on â€Å"cross-border transactions and communications that generate a social demand for EC rules and regulation† and institutionalization due to EC rules and as endresult â€Å"this process provokes further integration† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:297). As seen above, their theory is based on a sense of causality and their position is in between the intergovernmental and supranational politics which is seen as a continuum and â€Å"the conti nuum measures the increasing influences of three factors on policy-making processes and outcomes within any given policy sector.These factors are: (1) supranational organizations; (2) supranational rules; and (3) transnational society† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:303). Bargaining takes place between a number of actors to decide on which end of the continuum is more predominant during the decision making process; nevertheless, since they also take into consideration the intergovernmental aspect, they argue â€Å"the grand bargains are, by definition, intergovernmental† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:307).They not only take into consideration the intergovernmental policies, but also accept them existing in all stages and parts of the decision making system by saying â€Å" In fact, intergovernmental decision-making is ubiquitous in the EC, present even at the far right-hand pole of our continuum [which is Supranational Politics]† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:306) .What they take as their starting point to their theory constitutes the core point of their argument, which is the society as the determinant actor especially â€Å"non-state actors who engage in trans-actions and communications across national borders, within Europe† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:306). It will be the people to demand a certain standard of European rules standards and â€Å"as transnational exchange rises, so does the societal demand for supranational rules and organizational capacity to regulate† (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997:306).Stone-Sweet and Sandholtz also make a check of their argument by looking at â€Å"Eurosclerosis†. â€Å"The period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s in the context of European integration is often referred to as an era of stagnation or eurosclerosis. † (Awesti, 2006:2). Stone-Sweet and Sandholtz argue that during this period starting from the Empty Chair Crisis to The Single European Act in other words  " In the worst days of ‘Eurosclerosis' in the 1970s, levels of intra-EC trade and other forms of exchange soared† and they point out a direct correlation between the integration process and the exchanges that take place.As seen, transaction based integration theory is depicted as a process which is mainly driven by the volume of transactions taking place for a thorough integration process by triggering a vast extent of regulations in myriads of areas. Conclusion Mentioned as the first words of this paper â€Å"Any comprehensive theory of integration should potentially be a theory of disintegration† (Schmitter, 2002:4), Schmitter highlights that the strength and weakness of neo-functionalism is rather similar and what creates integration may end up with disintegrative consequences.Being accepted as the first of the integration theories, neo-functionalism has had a very debated place due to its defying characteristics against the sovereignty of nation states. When a ll the information given above is summed up, it would be possible to say that the time span in which a theory exists in, is crucial for its existence. In other words, the perceptions and conditions of its age is of great importance to decide on the consistency of a theory.Neo-functionalism suffered due to the theoretical assumptions and the realities of integration process in its first phase; nevertheless, the notion of supranationality seemed to be better absorbed and digested by the nation-states in its second phase. Another significant determinant factor about the life of a theory that one can deduct by looking at the example of neo-functionalism is the level of abstractions. How much a theory shall abstract and accept is a major question and although in the first phase Haas didn`t totally deny the authority of nation-states, due to the sensitivities of the age, the theory weakened considerably.Even if they don? t define themselves as neo-functionalists, Stone-Sweet and Sandholtz `s approach to integration process as a continuum between the two poles of sovereignty brought a fresh start for the decision-making and integration process of EU. All in all, today neo-functionalism with its renewed form, is one of the most significant theories to observe and understand the dynamics of integration process of EU together with all the bargaining process that takes place between the actors involved.

William Shakespeares King Lear Essay - 954 Words

Throughout King Lear, Shakespeare gives the reader small moments of human goodness to contrast the evil in the play. L.C. Knights describes it as affirmation in spite of everything, (Coyle). These affirmative actions are clearly seen in response to the immorality, twisted values and evil that are so common throughout this play. These moments are used to give the reader an underlying faith in the human spirit despite the clear role of immorality and a lack of values. The instances of genuine human goodness allow Shakespeare to bring out intense evil and tragedy in his characters and plot without taking away all hope in humanity. The first affirmation of human goodness is seen as early as Act I Scene I in the play in a moment of†¦show more content†¦By saving Cordelia from a life of destitution and rewarding her character, Shakespeare provides the reader with a small amount of hope amid the morally depraved and corrupt setting he has created. Another example of affirmation is honesty and loyalty of the Earl of Kent throughout the play. Shakespeare first show the reader Kent’s righteous values in Act 1 Scene 1 when he defends Cordelia and tells Lear he in making monumental mistake in disowning her. Although he makes his statement with a clear respect and dedication to the King, he to is banished. Kent goes unrewarded for his exhibition of morality, but his ability so sees through this disillusioned society gives to reader hope and another character to believe in. It is clear from the beginning of the play that being an noble character like Kent or Cordelia has lead only to banishment and estrangement from society. However bad it may be for the admirable characters, these affirming scenes and characters are necessary to the plays overall moral tone. They offer reassurance to the reader in regards to the morality of society. Thier small acts, though powerless in the face of the overwhelming presence of malice and evil in the play, give the reader some faith to hold on to. Shakespeare gives us these positive moments throughout the play, yetShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares King Lear Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares King Lear In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, King Lear,the issue of sight on many levels is a recurring theme. Throughout the play Shakespeare shows that sight does not just come from the eyes. It is shown through the characters of Lear, Gloucester and how they compare to each other. Lear’s character is one that never learns what it means to see without ones eyes. Lear’s sight is hazed because of his lack of ability to see inside ofRead More William Shakespeares King Lear Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares King Lear The locations in Shakespeare’s King Lear fall into three categories: inside a court, out in nature, and in-between nature and civilization. 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